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The terms international waters or trans-boundary waters apply where any of the following types of bodies of water (or their drainage basins) transcend international boundaries: oceans, large marine ecosystems, enclosed or semi-enclosed regional seas and estuaries, rivers, lakes, groundwater systems (aquifers), and wetlands.〔(International Waters ), ''United Nations Development Programme''〕 Oceans, seas, and waters outside of national jurisdiction are also referred to as the high seas or, in Latin, ''mare liberum'' (meaning ''free sea''). Ships sailing the high seas are generally under the jurisdiction of the flag state (if there is one);〔UNCLOS article 92(1)〕 however, when a ship is involved in certain criminal acts, such as piracy,〔UNCLOS article 105〕 any nation can exercise jurisdiction under the doctrine of universal jurisdiction. International waters can be contrasted with internal waters, territorial waters and exclusive economic zones. ==International waterways== Several international treaties have established freedom of navigation on semi-enclosed seas. * The Copenhagen Convention of 1857 opened access to the Baltic by abolishing the Sound Dues and making the Danish Straits an international waterway free to all commercial and military shipping. * Several conventions have opened the Bosporus and Dardanelles to shipping. The latest, the Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Turkish Straits, maintains the straits' status as an international waterway. Other international treaties have opened up rivers, which are not traditionally international waterways. * The Danube River is an international waterway so that landlocked Austria, Hungary, Serbia, and Slovakia can have secure access to the Black Sea. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「International waters」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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